The word
“visionary” suggests that an artist has a particular way of viewing the world
that shows the audience something they have never seen. Stanley Kubrick was a
true visionary, pushing the boundaries of both imagination and filmmaking in
surprising, shocking and often controversial ways. His films, as diverse as
they are, share a singular vision: humanity facing chaotic forces, ones often
contained within himself. But counter to the tradition of Hollywood, his
protagonists rarely prevail and he refuses to provide the audience with the
satisfaction of a happy ending. Rather than heroes, Kubrick presents us with
morally ambiguous characters that are more often antihero than protagonist,
people who may venture the impossible but are ultimately pawns to the laws of
society and an often-frightening universe. REBELLION, TABOO, SATIRE,
TECHNOLOGY, VIOLENCE, IDENTITY, the SUPERNATURAL, WAR and SEX – these are the all-encompassing
themes in Kubrick’s vision for presenting humanity.
SPARTACUS:
Rebellion
Though the
film itself is a relatively straightforward historical epic and less reflective
of Kubrick’s distinctive style (he actually took over the role of director from
Anthony Mann), it does defy tradition within its broader story of a slave
(producer Kirk Douglas) and his uprising against Rome… or was it McCarthyism?
Hollywood? In an interesting parallel, a series of events behind the scenes led
to a historical event: screenwriter Dalton Trumbo – perhaps the most notorious
of the banned Hollywood writers was given official credit for Spartacus,
marking the beginning of the end of the blacklist.
LOLITA:
Taboo
Based on
the controversial best-selling novel by Vladimir Nabokov, the subject matter
had drawn both outrage and acclaim before the film’s ad campaign asked the
world, “How did they ever make a move of Lolita?” The answer is: with great
difficulty. Choosing to film in England, where the British film sensors were
believed to be more forgiving, Kubrick also made the decision to film in black
and white, which lent a starkness to the subject and, some would argue, also
served to distance the viewer. In fact, many criticized the film for being
“safer” than the book casting an actress physically closer to a woman than a
prepubescent girl in the title role. In Kubrick’s world, everyone has their
perversions, but the film isn’t a morality play by any means. It’s a comedy as
much as a tragedy and an early reflection of Kubrick’s very cynical sense of
humor.
DR.
STRANGELOVE: Satire
Kubrick was
a master of dark humor; sometimes so subtle you weren’t sure it was there. But
it would be difficult to argue that Dr. Strangelove suffered from subtlety. In
the midst of the clod war scare, in which both sides believed the end of the
world was a distinct possibility, Kubrick created the most shattering sick joke
ever put on film. Interestingly, Dr. Strangelove began as a serious script
about how the government went about creating safeguards against nuclear
annihilation – a subject that consumed Kubrick. It was based on the dramatic
novel Red
Alert by Peter
George, a former British intelligence agent. As Kubrick developed the script,
it became clear to him that satire would be more effective way of conveying the
same idea. Kubrick insisted that the seat and the film’s elements, such as
weaponry and costumes be as realistic as possible. It is this realism that
makes such a stark contrast with the blatantly phallic imagery of cigars and
jet planes refueling midair, a deadpan Peter Sellers in three roles, absurd
character names, an enthusiastic scheme to have male and female survivors
repopulate the world and, of course, the theory of precious bodily fluids.
Ultimately Kubrick’s instinct for satire was correct: humor is often the only
way to defuse the most deadly serious of topics and out of the pervasive fear
of the loss of mankind he managed to convey the total absurdity of mankind.
2001 A
SPACE ODYSSEY: Technology
Perhaps
it’s not surprising that Kubrick followed up his destruction of the Earth with
a story about space exploration. 2001 A Space Odyssey, the adaptation of Arthur
C. Clarke’s novel explores the theme of humankind’s codependent relationship
with the wonders and dangers of technology, a subject that could hardly be more
relevant today. In a somewhat ironic parallel, Kubrick almost seems to have
made the film solely to display what sorts of innovative special effects could
be created through technological advances. 2001 used the medium of film to
present a new type of experience, one that clearly defined what could be
achieved through the sounds and images of a movie versus the written words of a
book.
In the
film, humankind’s accomplishments are demonstrated via a single cut: primitive
apes accidentally discover the first tool (aided by the appearance of an
unexplained monolith), and in the next frame we’re in the future of space
exploration. But this is as much a slap in the face as it is a celebration of
mankind. With all of our advances, are we really much more than the apes we see
at the beginning of the film? Are we better off? For all the technological
achievements that have been made, the characters that populate 2001 barely seem
to understand what they’ve created. They are slaves to the machines more than
they are their masters; to many, HAL is the most human character in the story.
Yet, even as Kubrick once again displays an inherent weakness in mankind, 2001
could be described as hopeful. Humans may yet evolve into something greater. In
the meantime, beware dependence on technological perfection.
A CLOCKWORK
ORANGE: Violence
Receiving
the dreaded X rating by the MPAA and featuring one of Kubrick’s most depraved
characters to date, A Clockwork Orange, based on the Anthony Burgess novel,
fell victim to the longstanding belief that any depiction of sex and violence
automatically glorifies them.
Kubrick
explained to the New York Times that although he was fascinated by violence, he
was not advocating it, merely portraying it. However, in Alex (Malcolm
McDowell), an anti-hero as charismatic and irresistible as he is despicable,
Kubrick managed to construct a character that hates him so much, do they
secretly want to cheer for him? Why, if he is a sociopath and a rapist, do they
secretly want to be him? Alex is little more than a walking id, but we get a
sense that even Kubrick loved him. But did he condone Alex’s behavior? Hardly.
The true
violence in the film is inflicted on Alex. To gain freedom, he must give up
free will (not to mention his love for the old Ludwig van), a punishment
Kubrick implies is worse than incarceration. Perhaps this is why the audience
cheers when Alex is cured of his cure, though it clearly implies a return to
his former debauchery. The internal conflict that’s created as the end credits
roll to “Singin’ in the Rain” is the film’s final act of brutality, but this
time it’s exacted by Kubrick – upon an audience expecting to be told how to
feel.
BARRY
LYNDON: Identity
Returning
to the theme of identity in a very different context, Kubrick created Barry
Lyndon, a period film based upon William Thackeray’s novel The Luck Of Barry
Lyndon. Though less extreme of a character, Barry is almost as infuriating as
Alex DeLarge. Like Alex, he’s an anti-hero, stumbling through life accidentally
and entertainingly, but seemingly without an inner life. Perhaps it’s
intentional that Kubrick changed the title to place the emphasis on the
character himself. In the story, Raymond Barry takes the identity of a poor Irishman,
an English soldier, a deserter, Lt Fakenham, a Prussian soldier, a spy, a
country spy, a gentleman, a game master, a lover, an opportunist, a father, and
once more a poor Irishman. Barry Lyndon is a series of actions and events than
a person who learns and grows. The lack of character development is not a
mistake. Barry’s life is finally unimportant though a first-time viewer watches
with the sense that he must be important. After all, a film has been made about
him, one that runs over three hours long. Why would they be watching if Barry
Lyndon were insignificant? As with 2001, Barry Lyndon is a true film, it’s a
simple tautology: Barry Lyndon is Barry Lyndon and BARRY LYNDON is BARRY
LYNDON. What you see is what you get.
THE
SHINING: Supernatural
Though
Kubrick had an uncanny talent for drawing out genuine fear in the viewer, The
Shining was Kubrick’s only foray into the horror genre. The Shining is, on the
surface, a simple ghost story. More importantly, it’s an examination of the
psychology of a tormented man and his equally tormented family. The focus isn’t
so much on the nature of the ghosts, but whether the ghosts are really there.
Are the visions real or alcohol-induced hallucinations? Is Danny’s friend a
true psychic connection or is he the product of parental abuse? In an interview
with Michel Ciment, Kubrick described why he found Stephen King’s story so
ingenious: “It seems to strike an extraordinary balance between the
psychological and the supernatural in such a way as to lead you to think that
the supernatural would eventually be explained by the psychological.”
With the
exception of the final image of Jack (played iconically by Jack Nicholson) in
the photo, the film presents little evidence that the horror is anything but
imagined. It’s tempting to conclude that Jack and his family simply went mad,
but that would be oversimplification. It’s the possibility of the supernatural
that’s crucial to the tension of the story, because it’s this uncertainty that
haunts the viewer in a way that a straightforward ghost story or psychological
thriller could not. As a horror film not dependent on cheap thrills and
screams, its fear comes from the unknown, and the more we try to make sense of
it, the more it drives us into dark places we’d rather not visit. These are the
places Kubrick invites us to again and again.
FULL METAL
JACKET: War
For someone
who could be called a misanthrope, Kubrick even managed to make war look bleak.
Based on the novel The Short-Timers by Gustav Hasford, Full Metal Jacket
focuses on the dehumanization during the Vietnam War, beginning with a symbolic
shot of new recruits having their heads shaved. As training commences, soldiers
are deprived of their names and eventually their identities as they’re
willingly formed into killing machines. The first scene with any sort of
humanity doesn’t occur until well into the movie, when Pvt Joker (Matthew
Modine) provides encouragement to long-suffering Pvt Pyle (Vincent D’Onofrio).
Because it comes after 20 minutes of insults and profanities spilling from
drill instructor at his pukes, the moment of kindness is jarring, because we’ve
been transported into a world where emotion is out of place.
The
audience is finally given someone with whom they feel they can identify, a
soldier who’s managed to retain his humanity as he expresses “the duality of
man” by wearing a peace symbol next to the words “born to kill.” Joker is a
fitting name for the otherwise nameless protagonist in a movie that juxtaposes
‘60s party rock against scenes of combat and explosions. We are not permitted to watch out
protagonist escape unscathed. Instead, he becomes a bearer of a living death
and the audience is left with nothing but flames and a loss of innocence.
EYES WIDE
OPEN: Sex
Kubrick’s
final film, Eyes Wide Open, has been called a psychosexual thriller. It’s more
of a dreamscape, a hazy series of carnal nightmares that includes one of the
most hypnotic orgy sequences in film history. Where naked bodies are constantly
on display. In this erotic dream, the promise of sex is everywhere, unveiling
the worst in humanity: jealousy, deception and the question of whether people
can ever really trust one another.
As much as
it’s a film about consummation, it’s a film about being consumed. Unexpectedly,
Bill (Tom Cruise) has what might be called a sexual awakening, gleaning
knowledge that women, including his wife Alice (Nicole Kidman), are as capable
of sexual obsession as men. He journeys through a series of events which all
end in a sort of coitus interruptus. Sex, as presented by Kubrick, has nothing
to do with love. It is fitting that Bill is a doctor, someone well versed in
the human body but for whom it’s an impersonal part of his profession. For
Kubrick, sex is a driving force, not an emotional one, a catalyst for
self-destruction.
Ultimately,
Kubrick provides what is debatable as a positive ending – a tenuous
reconciliation between Bill and Alice. But because Kubrick has shown us little
reason to have faith in humanity, the reconciliation is far from happily ever
after. “A dream is never just a dream,” Bill reminds us. Alice’s last line is
deliberate though she uses the term “making love” elsewhere, she reduces any
intimacy that’s come before her as an act of carnality. One has to wonder
whether Kubrick would have been pleased knowing this would be his final word to
the world. Considering his dark sense of humor, it’s not difficult to imagine
his approval.
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